The Wonderful History of the Maltese: A Timeless Toy Breed with Royal Roots

The Maltese is one of the most ancient and beloved toy dog breeds, known for its luxurious white coat, affectionate personality, and regal bearing. With a history that spans thousands of years, this small but mighty breed has been a cherished companion of aristocrats, royalty, and dog lovers across civilizations.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the fascinating history of the Maltese, tracing its origins, its role in different cultures, and how it has evolved into the cherished companion we know today.

Origins of the Maltese: An Ancient Breed

The Maltese is often considered one of the oldest toy breeds, with records of small white lapdogs appearing as far back as 3,000 years ago. While its exact origins are debated, many historians believe the breed comes from the Mediterranean region, specifically the island of Malta, which played a crucial role in trade routes between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

The Role of Malta in the Breed’s Development

Malta, a small yet strategically significant island in the Mediterranean, was a central hub for maritime trade. The Phoenicians, renowned seafarers and traders, established Malta as a critical stop along their trading routes around 1000 BCE. These traders are believed to have introduced small companion dogs, possibly early ancestors of the Maltese, to the island. Over time, these dogs adapted and thrived, developing distinct characteristics that would later define the breed.

The Maltese’s association with Malta is well-documented in historical texts, with early Greek and Roman accounts referring to the dog as “Canis Melitaeus” (Dog of Malta). The island’s role as a melting pot of cultures allowed the breed to spread beyond its shores, becoming a favorite among the elite and noble classes of various civilizations.

Maltese in Ancient Civilizations

1. Egyptian Civilization

Archaeological evidence suggests that small dogs resembling the Maltese existed in Ancient Egypt. Artifacts, including carvings and tomb paintings, depict similar-looking dogs, indicating that they were prized pets. The Egyptians often associated these small dogs with royalty and spirituality, believing they had healing powers. Some tombs even contained mummified remains of small dogs, suggesting they were honored in the afterlife.

2. Ancient Greek and Roman Influence

The Greeks and Romans admired the Maltese for its beauty and companionship. Greek vases from the 5th century BCE feature small, white dogs similar to the breed, and Aristotle himself mentioned a tiny dog from Malta, describing it as “perfectly proportioned despite its small size.” The breed was also highly favored among Roman nobility, with Roman women often carrying them in their sleeves or folds of their garments.

The Romans took the Maltese with them as they expanded their empire, helping to spread its popularity throughout Europe. They were commonly seen in paintings, sculptures, and even poetry. The breed became a status symbol, with wealthy Romans and Greeks using them as lapdogs and even adorning them with jewelry.

Maltese in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

As the Roman Empire declined, the Maltese continued to thrive in European courts. During the Middle Ages, these dogs were adored by noblewomen and appeared in numerous works of art. The breed’s association with wealth and luxury only grew stronger as European aristocrats sought these elegant lapdogs as symbols of refinement.

Royal Connections

During the Renaissance, the Maltese became particularly popular in the courts of France, Italy, and England. Some of the most famous historical figures known to own Maltese dogs include:

Mary Queen of Scots – She was known to have a Maltese that reportedly accompanied her to her execution in 1587.
Queen Elizabeth I – The breed was popular in the English court during her reign.
Louis XIV of France – The Sun King and his court adored the breed, keeping them as lapdogs in the lavish halls of Versailles.

This breed frequently appeared in Renaissance paintings, often featured alongside wealthy women as a symbol of status and luxury.

Maltese in the 18th and 19th Centuries

As European society evolved, the Maltese remained a treasured companion, but its appearance began to shift slightly due to selective breeding. By the 18th century, the Maltese became more refined in appearance, and its pure white coat was highly sought after. Breeders worked to perfect the breed’s silky, flowing fur, making it a hallmark of the breed’s beauty.

Selective Breeding and the Quest for Perfection

During the 18th century, selective breeding became more deliberate, with breeders aiming to enhance the Maltese’s already luxurious coat and small stature. While earlier Maltese dogs may have exhibited slightly different colors and coat textures, breeders gradually refined the breed to emphasize an entirely white coat. This was done through careful breeding selection, favoring dogs with the softest and silkiest fur.

The demand for a pure white pup was driven by the aristocracy’s desire for a more visually striking and elegant lapdog. Some records suggest that light-colored dogs were consistently chosen for breeding to gradually eliminate any traces of cream or tan markings that had appeared in earlier versions of the breed.

The Maltese as a Diplomatic and Royal Gift

The Maltese continued to be a symbol of wealth and nobility in the 18th century. European royals and noble families exchanged these exquisite lapdogs as diplomatic gifts, further spreading their popularity across different regions.

One of the most famous examples of a Maltese being gifted was in France, where the breed was adored by the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The French aristocracy cherished the breed, often featuring these dogs in portraits and even fashion accessories, with some women carrying them in their elaborate gowns.

In England, the breed continued to find favor among the nobility. Queen Victoria, known for her love of dogs, played a role in popularizing the Maltese during the 19th century. Although she was more famously associated with other breeds such as the Pomeranian, her court admired the Maltese as a refined and prestigious companion.

Maltese Dogs in Art and Literature

As the breed’s popularity grew, the Maltese became a common subject in European art and literature. Many 18th- and 19th-century paintings depicted noblewomen with their cherished pups, further reinforcing the breed’s association with luxury and refinement.

Artists such as Francisco de Goya and Jean-Honoré Fragonard painted noble families with their Maltese dogs, highlighting the breed’s significance as a status symbol. Additionally, literary works from this period referenced the Maltese as an ideal lapdog, admired for its affectionate nature and stunning appearance.

Changes in Breed Appearance and Diversification

By the 19th century, as breeding practices evolved, slight variations in the Maltese’s appearance began to emerge. Different regions of Europe had their own preferences regarding the breed’s size, coat texture, and facial structure. Some breeders favored a more delicate, petite Maltese, while others preferred a sturdier build.

Additionally, early Maltese dogs may have had a slightly wavier or thicker coat than the ultra-silky fur seen in today’s breed standard. These variations led to the development of different “types” of Maltese dogs, depending on the region in which they were bred. Some early descriptions of the breed mention dogs with slightly curled tails and even traces of other coat colors, though these traits were gradually eliminated through selective breeding.

The Role of Dog Shows in Standardizing the Maltese

The 19th century also saw the rise of formal dog breeding clubs and exhibitions, which played a crucial role in refining the Maltese’s appearance. As dog shows became more popular in England and America, breeders worked to establish clear breed standards.

The first recorded dog show featuring Maltese dogs was held in England in the 1860s. These early competitions helped define the characteristics that would become the breed standard, such as:

A compact body
A pure white coat
A graceful, flowing gait
A lively and affectionate temperament

By the late 19th century, breeders had largely standardized the modern Maltese, and the breed’s popularity extended beyond aristocracy to the growing middle class.

The Maltese Arrives in America

During the late 19th century, the Maltese made its way to the United States, where it quickly gained a devoted following. The breed was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1888, solidifying its status as a well-established toy breed.

As the breed gained popularity in America, its reputation as a companion dog continued to flourish. Breeders in the U.S. followed European standards, ensuring that the Maltese retained its small size, distinctive coat, and affectionate personality.

The Enduring Appeal of the Maltese

Despite changes in breeding practices over time, the Maltese remained a cherished pet across generations. Whether as a favored companion in royal courts or a beloved family pet in modern homes, the breed has maintained its charm and elegance. The advancements in selective breeding during the 18th and 19th centuries played a significant role in shaping the Maltese into the refined and glamorous toy breed we recognize today.

Maltese in the 20th Century: The Modern Standard

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kennel clubs began formally recognizing and standardizing the Maltese breed. The American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognized the Maltese in 1888, and since then, it has remained one of the most beloved toy breeds in the world.

Rise in Popularity

The Maltese’s popularity soared in the 20th century, particularly in North America and the UK. Thanks to its charming personality, hypoallergenic coat, and suitability as a lapdog, the breed became a favorite among city dwellers and celebrities alike. Some notable Maltese owners throughout modern history include:

Marilyn Monroe – She owned a Maltese named Maf, short for Mafia, gifted to her by Frank Sinatra.
Elizabeth Taylor – The Hollywood star was often seen with her beloved Maltese dogs.
Barbra Streisand – A long-time Maltese enthusiast, Streisand has owned multiple Maltese dogs.

Maltese dogs also became a popular choice for dog shows, consistently ranking as one of the top breeds in toy group competitions.

The Maltese Today: A Cherished Companion

Today, the Maltese remains one of the most popular toy breeds worldwide. Known for its affectionate nature, intelligence, and playful temperament, it thrives as a family pet. The breed has also been adapted into various designer dog mixes, such as the Maltipoo (Maltese x Poodle) and Malshi (Maltese x Shih Tzu), further increasing its appeal to dog lovers.

Maltese Breed Characteristics

Size: Typically weighs between 4-7 pounds.
Coat: Long, silky white fur that requires regular grooming.
Temperament: Friendly, affectionate, and playful.
Lifespan: 12-15 years on average.
Health Concerns: Prone to dental issues, luxating patella, and eye conditions.

Why the Maltese Continues to Be a Beloved Breed

The Maltese’s rich history, combined with its elegant appearance and loving personality, ensures its continued popularity. Whether as a royal lapdog, a Renaissance noblewoman’s prized pet, or a cherished companion in a modern home, the Maltese has proven to be a timeless breed that continues to captivate hearts across generations.

1. Elegant and Timeless Appearance

One of the key reasons the Maltese remains a sought-after breed is its distinct, beautiful appearance. The breed’s pure white, long, silky coat gives it an air of sophistication, making it stand out in the toy breed category. Its expressive dark eyes and black button nose add to its charm, giving it a perpetual puppy-like look that dog lovers find irresistible.

Additionally, the Maltese’s small size makes it an ideal pet for various living situations, from city apartments to large homes. Weighing between 4-7 pounds, this breed is highly adaptable and easy to carry, making it a favorite for those who love to travel with their furry companions.

2. Loyal and Affectionate Nature

Beyond its striking appearance, the Maltese is cherished for its loving and affectionate personality. Known for its deep bond with its owners, this breed thrives on companionship and enjoys being close to its family members. This breed of dogs are incredibly loyal and often follow their owners from room to room, seeking constant attention and affection.

This devotion makes the Maltese an excellent companion dog for people of all ages, including seniors and families. They are known to be intuitive and sensitive to their owner’s emotions, providing comfort and emotional support, which is why they are often chosen as therapy dogs.

3. Intelligent and Trainable

Despite their small size, Maltese dogs are highly intelligent and eager to please, making them relatively easy to train. They excel in obedience training and can learn a variety of tricks and commands with positive reinforcement techniques. Their intelligence, combined with their playful and energetic demeanor, makes them a joy to train and engage with.

Their adaptability also extends to various lifestyles, as they can be both active and relaxed depending on their owner’s habits. Whether enjoying outdoor adventures or snuggling up on the couch, the Maltese is content as long as it is with its loved ones.

4. Low-Shedding and Hypoallergenic Qualities

Another factor contributing to the Maltese’s lasting popularity is its hypoallergenic coat. Unlike many other breeds, this breed does not have an undercoat, which significantly reduces shedding. This makes the breed a great choice for individuals with allergies or those who prefer a dog with minimal fur maintenance around the home.

Regular grooming is necessary to maintain the Maltese’s luxurious coat, but many owners find joy in the bonding experience that comes with brushing and pampering their pet.

5. A Breed That Transcends Time

From ancient civilizations to the modern world, the Maltese has remained a beloved companion through centuries of change. Whether gracing the laps of royalty, featuring in classical artwork, or winning hearts on social media today, this breed has proven its timeless appeal.

Its adaptability, affectionate nature, and undeniable beauty ensure that it will continue to be one of the most cherished breeds for generations to come.

Conclusion

From ancient civilizations to modern society, the Maltese has maintained its reputation as a symbol of elegance, luxury, and unwavering companionship. Its journey through history has only solidified its place as one of the most treasured toy breeds in the world. Whether you admire its aristocratic roots, its hypoallergenic qualities, or its lively personality, this breed truly stands the test of time.

The Maltese Homestead